Antioxidant effects of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) in the brain of chlorpyrifos-exposed goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Department of Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. AQUÁTICA, Research Group in Aquatic Toxicology and Fish Medicine.
Research Article
Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences, 2023, 06(01), 008–016.
Article DOI: 10.53022/oarjls.2023.6.1.0044
Publication history:
Received on 12 May 2023; revised on 01 July 2023; accepted on 04 July 2023
Abstract:
Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of phytocannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa L. (Linnaeus) are of increasing interest worldwide. In the present study, a group of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used to test the antioxidant effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in the brain of in vivo chlorpyrifos (CPF)-exposed fish. CPF, an organophosphate insecticide, is known for its pro-oxidant effects and irreversible inhibition on cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes. The experimental fish (n=22) (22.86 ± 1.15 g body weight, 8.33 ± 0.16 cm total length) were randomly distributed in 4 different treatments: A. Control fish (n=6), B. CPF-exposed fish (n=5), C. CPF-exposed + IP injected vehicle (n=5), and D. CPF-exposed + IP-injected CBD (5 mg/Kg) (n=6). Fish were humanely sacrificed after 96 h of the experimental time and brains were processed to measure F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) as a biomarker of oxidative stress response (ELISA OxiSelect™ 8-iso-PGF2a). ChE activity was measured in fish blood plasma as a biomarker of CPF exposure. Mean values of F2-IsoPs and ChE were used as statistics for comparison among treatments. Neither of the fish treatments showed signs of acute poisoning after the CPF exposure. However, plasma ChE activity showed inhibition effects in the corresponding groups after the 96-h exposure to CPF. The lowest F2-IsoPs value (mean ± SE, pg/ml) was found in the CPF-exposed + CBD-injected fish (281 ± 45) followed by the controls (396 ± 90). The two highest values of F2-isoprostanes were present in the CPF-exposed (728 ± 236) and the CPF-exposed + vehicle-injected fish (566 ± 90) (ANOVA, 95%, p <0.05; Fisher least significant difference). Three types of functional groups within the CBD structure are considered a key factor to explain the prevention of oxidative stress: limonene, phenol and aliphatic group. These groups, particularly the phenol, transfer electrons and hydrogen atoms to avoid the lipid peroxidation in the tissues affected by pro-oxidant agents. Results in the present work showed that CBD protected of the oxidative stress caused by CPF in the brain of goldfish. This neuroprotective action of CBD against oxidative stress promotes further research to explore pharmacological and therapeutic applications.
Keywords:
Cannabidiol; Neuroprotection; Oxidative Stress; Isoprostanes; Fish
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