The existence of black macaque (Macaca nigra) population in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi of Indonesia: The valuable economical investment of the endemic fauna in the forest environmental sustainability
1 Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia.
2 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
3 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universityt of Dumoga Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
4 Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of Dumoga Kotamobagu, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Research Article
Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences, 2023, 05(01), 010–018.
Article DOI: 10.53022/oarjls.2023.5.1.0011
Publication history:
Received on 18 November 2022; revised on 07 January 2023; accepted on 09 January 2023
Abstract:
The existence survey of the black macaque (Macaca nigra) population was conducted at the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (BNWNP), Bolaang Mongondow, and North Sulawesi of Indonesia from December 2021 to November 2022. The survey using line transect by ‘Complete Count’ method was used to determine population size. The direct observations and questionnaire surveys of the local people were applied to identify the potential threats to the macaque existence. The population comprised 183 individuals from four multimale-multifemale groups and fourteen solitary individuals. The group density was 1.22 groups/km2, and the group size ranged from 34 to 55 individuals (mean of 42.25 ± 9.53). The mean ratio of adults to non-adults were 1:1.35, and the adult male to female ratio was 1:0.96. Macaca nigra was observed to forage and sleep inside range forest adjacent to the limited production forest. The survival of the macaque was threatened by the habitat loss, fragmentation, illegal logging and illegal mining. Other local human activities in opening forest for clove plantation were identified as potential stressors. Therefore, it should be recommended strictly to implement the existing management plan by the Directorate General of Natural Resources Conservation of the Republic of Indonesia. The monitoring and strengthening the capacity of forest departmental staffs should be focused to conserve the endemic fauna including M. nigra and flora vegetation of the animals’ habitats as the valuable economical investment in the forest environmental sustainability of the BNWNP.
Keywords:
Endemic primate density; Biological plant conservation; North Sulawesi natural threat.
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